Definite article
An article is a word that is put next to a noun to indicate the type of reference being made to the noun.
Articles can have various functions:
- a definite article (English the) indicates that the noun refers to a specific thing that the speaker has in mind (The chair is broken)
- an indefinite article (English a, an or some) indicates that the noun refers to something of the kind, but the particular instance isn't important (Block the door with a chair).
- a partitive article indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article in English, though the word some often has that function. An example is French du / de la, as in Voulez-vous du café ? ("Do you want some coffee?")
Some languages such as Chinese, classical Latin, and the constructed language Toki Pona rarely use articles, indicating such distinctions in other ways or not at all. Some languages, including Japanese and Russian do not have them at all (in Russian, if it is absolutely necessary, you can use "one" and "that" in contexts where other languages would use an indefinite and definite article). Other languages, including Arabic, Welsh and the constructed language Esperanto, have definite articles, but no indefinite articles. In the etymologies of many languages, definite articles formerly were demonstrative pronouns or adjective; compare the fate of the Latin demonstrative ille in the Romance languages, becoming French le, la and les, Spanish el and la, and Italian il and la.
Many European languages that have grammatical gender usually have their article agree with the gender of the noun (French le 'the' masculine, la feminine).
The articles in these languages not only distinguish between the genders, but can indicate different meanings depending on the article used, as in Spanish, where la cólera is "anger" and el cólera is "cholera", or French, where la puce is "the flea" and le puce is "the thumb", or German, where die Steuer is "the tax" and das Steuer is "the steering-wheel", or Swedish, where en plan is "a plan" and ett plan is "a plane".
The use of articles may vary between languages. For example, French uses its definite article in cases where English uses no article, such as in general statements about a mass noun: Le maïs est un grain. ("Maize is a grain."); Ancient Greek uses the definite article with proper names: ho Iesous ("the Jesus"), and, optionally, before both a noun and each of its adjectives: ho páter ho agathòs (literally, "the father the good"; naturally, "the good father").
By the same token, the words used as English articles have other grammatical functions. See A, an.
In Scandinavian languages the definite article can be a suffix; examples planen is "the plan", and planet is "the plane" or "the airplane's wing". (en plan is "a plan", and ett plan is "a plane" or "an airplane's wing".) The Romanian language also uses suffixes for articles; for example, consulul is 'the consul'. Macedonian does also; for example, drvo means 'tree', while drvoto means 'the tree'.
The, the English grammatical article
The word "the" functions primarily as the definite grammatical article in the English language.
The and that are common developments from the same Old English system. Old English had a definite article se, in the masculine gender, seo, feminine, and þæt, neuter. These words functioned both as demonstrative pronouns and as grammatical articles. In Middle English these had all fallen together into þe, the ancestor of the Modern English word.
Usage
The following discussion is meant to give pointers in the uses of the grammatical articles the and a for non-native speakers
When using the English language, the can be thought of as similar to a little computer cursor. Where the cursor is resting, one's attention also rests.
- The chair ...
- It is customary to focus on the word following the word the with the questions 'who', 'where', 'when', 'why', 'how', and then wait for the rest of the sentence, which should complete the meaning.
- The chair is ...
- Now it gets interesting - is implies NOW, so the listener should pay attention for a current event!
- The chair is broken.
- The sentence is completed; the listener sits on that specific chair at his own peril.
The little words are important
Determiner
