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| Portuguese (Português) | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Angola, Andorra, Brazil, Cape Verde, East Timor, Guinea Bissau, luxembourg, Macau (China), Mozambique, Namibia, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe and other countries. |
| Region: | see below |
| Total speakers: | 202.7 million–209.4 million1 |
| Ranking: | 6 |
| Genetic classification: | Indo-European Italic |
| Official status | |
| Official language of: | Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, East Timor, Guinea Bissau, Macau, Mozambique, Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe |
| Regulated by: | International Portuguese Language Institute; CPLP |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | pt |
| ISO 639-2 | por |
| SIL | POR |
Portuguese (português) is a Romance language predominantly spoken in Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and East Timor. With more than 200 million native speakers, Portuguese is one of the few languages spoken in such widely-distributed parts of the world, and is the fifth or sixth most-spoken first language in the world.
The language was spread worldwide in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries as Portugal created the first and the longest lived modern-world colonial and commercial empire (1415–1975), spanning from Brazil in the Americas to Macau in China. As a result, Portuguese is now the official language of several independent countries and is widely spoken or studied as a second language in many others. There are still more than 20 Portuguese Creole languages. It is an important minority language in Andorra, Luxembourg and Namibia. Large Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities exist in many cities around the world, including Paris in France and Boston, New Bedford, and Newark in the United States.
Portuguese is nicknamed A língua de Camões ("The language of Camões", after Luís de Camões, the author of The Lusiad); A última flor do Lácio ("The last flower of Latium"). Portuguese language speakers are known as Lusitanic or Lusophones.
| Contents |
Portuguese developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from the spoken Latin language brought there by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century BC. The language began to differentiate itself from other Romance languages after the fall of the Roman Empire and the barbarian invasions in the 5th century. It started to be used in written documents around the 9th century, and by the 15th century it had become a mature language with a rich literature.
The Romans conquered the Western Iberian Peninsula, which they called Hispania: later part of the Roman provinces of Lusitania and Gallaecia, currently Portugal and Galicia (the northwestern region of Spain). Arriving on the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BC, they brought with them the Roman people's language, Vulgar Latin, from which all Romance languages (also known as "New Latin languages") descend. Roman control of the western part of Hispania was not consolidated until the campaigns of Caesar Augustus in 26 BC, but already in the 2nd century BC southern Lusitania was Romanized, and very few traces of the native languages persist in modern Portuguese. Strabo, a 1st-century Greek geographer, comments in one book of his Geographia: "they have adopted the Roman customs, and they no longer remember their own language." The language was spread by arriving Roman soldiers, settlers and merchants, who raised Roman cities mostly near previous civilizations' settlements. Later, the inhabitants of the cities of Lusitania and rest of Romanized Iberia were recognized has citizens of Rome.
In the 3rd century the Roman emperor Diocletian split the Tarragonensis province in three and the Gallaecia province was created, western Hispania was then made of Lusitania in the south and Gallaecia in the north.
Between 409 A.D. and 711, as the Roman Empire was collapsing, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by peoples of Germanic origin, known by the Romans as Barbarians. The Barbarians (mainly Suevi and Visigoths) largely absorbed the Roman culture and language of the peninsula; however, since the Roman schools and administration were closed and Europe entered the Dark Ages, the Latin Vulgar language was left free to evolve on its own and the uniformity of the Peninsula was soon disrupted. In the western part of the Peninsula (today's Northern Portugal and Galicia), Vulgar Latin gained some local characteristics and in that region the Suevi settled, leading to the formation of the "Lusitanian Romance Language". The Germanic languages influenced Portuguese in words linked to the military, such as guerra ("war").
From 711, with the Moorish invasion of the Peninsula, Arabic was adopted as the administrative language in the conquered regions. However, the population continued to speak their Romance dialects, the Mozarabs; so that when the Moors were overthrown, the influence that they had exerted on the language was small. Its main effect was in the lexicon: modern Portuguese still has a large number of words of Arabic origin, especially relating to food, agriculture and crafts, which have no cognates in other Romance languages. But there is no loan word in the lexicon related to human feelings, all being of Latin origin. The Arabic influence is also visible in placenames throughout the Southern provinces, such as Algarve, Alfama and Fátima.
| Extract of medieval Portuguese poetry |
|---|
| Das que vejo |
| non desejo |
| outra senhor se vós non, |
| e desejo |
| tan sobejo, |
| mataria um leon, |
| senhor do meu coraçon: |
| fin roseta, |
| bela sobre toda fror, |
| fin roseta, |
| non me meta |
| en tal coita voss'amor! |
| João de Lobeira (1270?–1330?) |
The earliest surviving records of a distinctively Portuguese language are administrative documents from the ninth century, still interspersed with many phrases in Latin. Today this phase is known as "Proto-Portuguese" (spoken in the period between the 9th to the 12th century).
Portugal became an independent country in 1143, with King Afonso Henriques. In the first period of "Old Portuguese" (from 12th to the 14th century), the language came gradually into general use in the following centuries. In 1290, king Diniz created the first Portuguese University in Lisbon (the Estudo Geral) and decreed that Portuguese, then simply called the "Vulgar language" (i.e. Vulgar Latin) should be used in preference to Classical Latin and known as the "Portuguese language". In 1296, Portuguese was adopted by the Royal Chancellary and was used not only in poetry but also when writing law and in notaries.
Until 1350, the language Portuguese-Galician remained the native language of Galicia and Portugal only; but by the 14th century Portuguese had become a mature language with a rich literary tradition, becoming a popular language for poetry in Iberia, adopted by many Leonese, Castilian, Aragonese and Catalan poets. For instance, Cantigas de Santa Maria was written by Alfonso X, a Castillian king. Some time later, when Spanish also became written in Castilian realms, Galicia came under the influence of the Castilian language, and the southern variant became the language of Portugal.
In the second period of Old Portuguese, between the 14th and the 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the Portuguese language spread to many regions of Asia, Africa and America. By the 16th century it had become a lingua franca in Asia and Africa, used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities. In Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka) several kings became fluent speakers of Portuguese, and nobles often took Portuguese names. The spread of the language was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people (also very common in other areas of the world) and its association with the Catholic missionary efforts, which led to its being called Cristão ("Christian") in many places. The language continued to be popular despite the severe measures taken by the Dutch to abolish it in Ceylon and Indonesia.
Some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The language has largely changed in these communities and has evolved through the centuries into several Portuguese creoles. Also, a considerable number of words of Portuguese origin are found in Tetum, the national language of East Timor, such as lee 'to read' (from ler), aprende 'to learn' (from aprender) and tenke 'to have to' (from tem que). Portuguese words entered the lexicons of many other languages, such as pan 'bread' (from pão) in Japanese, sepatu 'shoe' in Indonesian (from sapato), keju 'cheese' in Malay (from queijo), and meza 'table' in Swahili (from mesa).
The end of "Old Portuguese" was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral de Garcia de Resende, in 1516. But a variant of Old Portuguese is still spoken, as a dialect, especially in São Tomé and Príncipe, but also in Brazil, Portugal and Angola. The period of "Modern Portuguese" (from the 16th century to the present) saw an increase in the number of words of Classical Latin origin and erudite words of Greek origin borrowed into Portuguese during the Renaissance, which augmented the complexity of Portuguese.
Indo-European - Italic - Romance - Italo-Western - Western - Gallo-Iberian - Ibero-Romance - West-Iberian - Portuguese-Galician
Portuguese is orthographically similar in many ways to Spanish, but is very different in speech. A speaker of one may require some practice to effectively understand a speaker of the other. Compare, for example:
Some less common phrasings and word choices have closer cognates in Spanish:
(Which translates as "She always closes the window before having dinner.")
In some places, Spanish and Portuguese are spoken almost interchangeably. Portuguese speakers are generally able to read Spanish, and Spanish speakers are generally able to read Portuguese, even if they cannot understand the spoken language.
Portuguese also has significant similarities with Mirandese, Catalan, Italian, French and with other Romance languages. Speakers of other Romance languages may find a peculiarity in the conjugating of certain apparently infinitive verbs. In particular, when constructing a future tense or conditional tense expression involving an indirect object pronoun, the pronoun is placed between the verb stem and the verb ending. For example, Dupondt said trazer-vos-emos o vosso ceptro. Translating as literally as possible, this is "bring (stem)-to you (formal)-we (future) the your scepter". In English we would say, "We will bring you your scepter." The form Nós vos traremos o vosso ceptro. is also correct, used mainly in spoken Portuguese, while the first form is preferred for written Portuguese.
Main article: Geographic distribution of the Portuguese language
| Portuguese language countries and territories | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| country | speakers (native) |
speakers | population (July 2003) |
| Africa | |||
| Angola | 60% | NA | 10,766,471 |
| Cape Verde | NA | 72% | 412,137 |
| Guinea-Bissau | NA | 14% | 1,360,827 |
| Mozambique | 9% | 40% | 17,479,266 |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | 50% | 95% | 175,883 |
| not official: | |||
| Namibia | 20% | 20% | 1,927,447 |
| South Africa | 2% | 2% | 42,768,678 |
| Asia | |||
| East Timor | NA | 15% | 997,853 |
| Macau, China | 2% | 3% | 469,903 |
| not official: | |||
| Daman, India | 10% | 10% | NA |
| Goa, India | 3-5% | 5% | NA |
| Europe | |||
| Portugal | 100% | 100% | 10,102,022 |
| not official: | |||
| Luxembourg | 14% | 14% | 454,157 |
| Andorra | 11% | 11% | 69,150 |
| Switzerland | 2% | 2% | 7,318,638 |
| France | 1% | 1% | 60,180,529 |
| The Americas | |||
| Brazil | 99% | 100% | 182,032,604 |
| not official: | |||
| Bermuda | 4% | 4% | 64,482 |
| Venezuela | 1–2% | 1–2% | 24,654,694 |
| Canada | 1–2% | 1–2% | 32,207,113 |
| Netherlands Antilles | 1% | 1% | 216,226 |
Portuguese is the first language in Angola, Brazil, Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe, and the most widely used language in Mozambique.
Portuguese is also one of the official languages of East Timor (with Tetum) and Macau (with Chinese). It is widely spoken, but not official, in Andorra, Luxembourg and Namibia. Portuguese Creoles are the mother tongue of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau's population.
Portuguese is spoken by 182 million people in South America, 16 million Africans, 11 million Europeans, 2 million in North America and 0,2 million in Asia. The table "Portuguese language countries and territories" includes countries where the Portuguese language is official and while not official, where it is spoken by more than 1% of the population. The data are based on projections made by local governments, public institutes, associations and language official census (Angola — 1983; Mozambique — 1997).
The CPLP or Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries is an international organization consisting of the eight independent countries which have Portuguese as an official language. Portuguese is also an official language of the European Union, Mercosul and the African Union (one of the working languages) and one of the official languages of other organizations. Except for the Asian territories (East Timor and Macau), Portuguese is the sole official language in each country.
Main article: Portuguese dialects
There are differences between Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese in vocabulary, pronunciation and syntax, especially in popular varieties, while between educated Brazilians and Portuguese these differences are reduced. There are several similarities in pronunciation, syntax and grammar use between vernacular Brazilian Portuguese and vernacular Angolan Portuguese. But there are no differences between cultivated European and Angolan Portuguese.
Some apparent differences between the two varieties in lexicon are not really differences. In Brazil, the common term for carpet is tapete. And, in Portugal, alcatifa. However, many dialectal zones in Portugal use tapete and other areas in Brazil use alcatifa. This applies in several such apparent differences, except in the new terms, such as ônibus in Brazil, which is autocarro in Portugal.
Examples of words that are different in Portuguese dialects from three different continents Angola (Africa), Portugal (Europe) and Brazil (South America).
Go away
Bus
slum quarter
Major Portuguese dialects:
Other areas
Main article: Portuguese Creole
Portugal in the period of discoveries and colonization created a linguistic contact with native languages and people of the discovered lands and thus pidgins were formed. Until the 18th century, these Portuguese pidgins were used as Lingua Franca in Asia and Africa. Later, the Portuguese pidgins were expanded grammatically and lexically, as it became a native language. Circa 3 million people worldwide speak a Portuguese Creole. These creoles are spoken, mostly, by inter-racial communities (Portuguese people with natives).
Cape Verde:
Equatorial Guinea:
Guinea-Bissau and Senegal:
India:
Macau, China:
Malaysia and Singapore:
Netherlands Antilles and Aruba:
São Tomé and Principe:
Sri Lanka:
Suriname:
Main article: Portuguese sounds
The Portuguese language is particularly interesting to linguists because of the complexity of its phonetic structure. The language contains 9 vowels, 5 nasal vowels and 25 consonantal sounds. Also, Portuguese is a "free accentuation language", as distinct pronunciation exists even in the same dialect.
Vowels
| sound | examples | meaning | Observation |
|---|---|---|---|
| [a] | lá, rato, | there, mouse | |
| [ɐ] | ramo, luva | branch, glove | |
| [ɛ] | café, festa, | coffee, party | |
| [e] | você, medo | you (formal), fear | |
| [ɨ] | leite, levar | milk, to take | occurs mostly in European Portuguese. In Brazil it often sounds as [i] or [e] |
| [i] | idiota, milhão | idiot, milion | |
| [ɔ] | nó, moda | knot, fashion | |
| [o] | avô, olho, | grandparent, eye | |
| [u] | santo, uvas | saint, grapes |
Nasal vowels
| sound | examples | meaning | Observation |
|---|---|---|---|
| [ɐ̃] | irmã, lançar | sister, to launch | In Northern Portugal the sound is [ã] |
| [ẽ] | lembrar, então | remember, then | |
| [ĩ] | limbo, brincar | limb, to play | |
| [õ] | limões, montanha | lemons, mountain | |
| [ũ] | um, untar | one, to dip in grease |
Semi-vowels
| sound | examples | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| [j] | caixa, ideia | box, idea |
| [w] | ao, mau | to, bad |
Consonants
| sound | examples | meaning | Observation |
|---|---|---|---|
| [b] | bola | ball | |
| [p] | pera | pear | |
| [t] | tosta | toast | |
| [d] | dedo | finger | |
| [k] | casa, aquilo | house, that | |
| [g] | gato | cat | |
| [f] | ferro | iron | |
| [v] | vento | wind | |
| [s] | sapo, assado | frog, roasted | |
| [z] | natureza, raso | nature, shallow | |
| [ʃ] | cheque, xadrez | check, chess | |
| [ʒ] | jogo, gelo | game, ice | |
| [l] | logo | soon | |
| [ɫ] | Brasil | Brazil | occurs mostly in European Portuguese. In Brazil it often sounds as [w] |
| [ʎ] | alho | garlic | |
| [ɾ] | mar, tiro | sea, shot | In Brazil, an ending 'r', such as in mar, has many variations. |
| [r] | rosa, carro | rose, car | Occurs in most regions and countries, except parts of Brazil and Lisbon. |
| [ʀ] | rosa, carro | rose, car | Occurs mostly in Lisbon. Becoming popular in urban areas of Portugal |
| [x] | rosa, carro | rose, car | Occurs in main urban areas of Brazil. |
| [m] | mapa | map | |
| [n] | número | number | |
| [ɲ] | ninho | nest |
Main article: Portuguese grammar
Verbs are divided into three conjugations, which can be identified by looking at the infinitive ending, one of "-ar", "-er", "-ir" (and "-or", irregular verbs). Most verbs ends with "-ar", such as cantar (to sing). All verbs with the same ending follow the same pattern.
In Portuguese, verbs are divided into moods:
All Portuguese nouns have one of two genders: masculine or inclusive and feminine or exclusive. Most adjectives and pronouns, and all articles indicate the gender of the noun they reference. The feminine gender in adjectives is formed in a different way to that in nouns. Most adjectives ending in a consonant remain unchanged: homem superior (superior man), mulher superior (superior woman). This is also true for adjectives ending in "e": homem forte (strong man), mulher forte (strong woman). Except for this, the noun and the adjective must always be in agreement.
See also: Portuguese pronouns, Portuguese verb conjugation
Portuguese, both in morphology and syntax, represents an organic transformation of Latin without the direct intervention of any foreign language. The sounds, grammatical forms, and syntactical types, with a few exceptions, are derived from Latin. And almost 90% of the vocabulary is still derived from the language of Rome. Some of the changes began during the Empire, others took place later. Since Portuguese was reinfluenced by it (reinfluence represented with 1), many original words are still familiar to Portuguese speakers.
Nasalization — A vowel before [m] and [n] has a tendency to become a nasal vowel, this occurs in many languages. In the case of Portuguese, it happened between the sixth and seventh centuries. This change sharply distinguishes Portuguese from Spanish, in which it did not occur.
Palatalization — Another assimilation occurs before the high vowels [i] and [e], or near the semi-vowel, or palatal [j].
Elision — Simultaneous influence in a consonant by vowels, occurring a sintagmatic chain.
Voicing — some consonants did not disappear but rather evolved with voiceless stops becoming voiced stops and voiced stops becoming voiced fricatives in certain positions:
Simplification of consonant clusters, especially doubled consonants, occurred:
Dissimilation — Modification of a sound by the influence of neighbouring sounds.
Some other alterations were semi-vowel metathesis: PRIMARIV becomes primeiro (Eng. first); consonant metathesis in [l] and [r] are rare in Portuguese (e.g. TENEBRAS > teevras > trevas, Eng. darkness); and epenthesis, where there is not a total assimilation by adding new sounds. Such as for wine: Vulgar Latin: VINO, medieval Portuguese Vi~o, Modern Portuguese (since 14th or 15th centuries): Vinho. Another specially relevant shift was the loss of the intervocalic /l/ in a very large set of words, already described in the list above as an example of "elision" → e.g: SALIRE > sair; COLARE > coar; NOTVLA > nódoa, with the typical portuguese voicing of /t/ in /d/ (AMATVS > amado). Fewer words remaned unchanged, such as Taberna (tavern).
Very few traces of the native or pre-Roman settlers like the Phoenicians, Carthaginians or Celts lexicon persist in the language, but there are some exceptions, such has Abóbora (pumpkin) and Bezerro (year-old calf) from Iberian languages or Cerveja (beer) and Saco (bag) from Celtic and Phoenician, respectively.
Post-Roman influences, before the Discovery age, were also small. The Germanic influence in Portuguese was restricted to warfare and related topics, such has Barão (baron) from Germanic baro or Guerra (war) from Gothic *wirro. The influence also exists in placenames such has Ermesinde and Esposende, where sinde and sende are derived from the Germanic "sinths" (military expedition). Projections indicate 1000 Arabic loan words. In old Portuguese this represented 25% of the used lexicon, today its importance has decreased as the language became richer and reinfluenced by Greek, Latin and other languages. Such words include Aldeia (village) from aldaya, Alface (lettuce) from alkhass, Armazém (warehouse) from almahazan, Azeite (olive oil) from azzait and most words started with "al". The Portuguese town Fátima, where the Virgin Mary is believed by some Catholics to have appeared, is originally an Arabic female name.
With the Portuguese discoveries linguistic contact was made, and the Portuguese language became influenced by other languages other than European or Arabic. Many placenames and local animals have Amerindian names in Brazil, in Angola and Mozambique, the same occurring with the local Bantu languages. These influences is also small even in the local variations of Portuguese in Brazil and Africa.
Sub-saharan Africa:
Main article: Portuguese alphabet
Portuguese is written using the Latin alphabet with 26 letters. Three of them (K, W and Y) are only used for non-Portuguese origin words, in terms like darwinismo (Darwinism, from English "Darwin"). It uses ç and acute, grave, circumflex and tilde accents over vowels, as well as, in some forms and only in Brazil, diaeresis on a U as in lingüística (Linguistics, linguística is used in the rest of the Portuguese speaking nations).
Until the Ortographic Agreement is established, Portuguese has two written varieties, but Portuguese speakers prefer to call them padrões (Eng. Standards):
| Portugal/ Africa | Brazil | translation |
|---|---|---|
| acção | ação | action |
| contracto | contrato | contract |
| direcção | direção | direction |
| eléctrico | elétrico | electric |
| óptimo | ótimo | great |
In Brazil most first 'c's in 'cc', 'cç' or 'ct'; and 'p's in 'pc', 'pç' or 'pt' were eliminated from the language, since they are
not pronounced in the cultivated spoken language, but are remnants from the language's Latin origin (though some continue to
exist in cultivated Brazilian Portuguese, others in European Portuguese). An example is "facto" (in Portugal) and "fato" (in
Brazil), both meaning fact -- one of the rare words that will continue to be accepted and is pronunced differently in both
countries.
Also, there are differences in accent marks, due to:
A 1990 Spelling Reform (Port. Reforma Ortográfica), intended to create an International Portuguese Standard, was ratified by Brazil, Cape Verde, and Portugal. East Timor, not an original subscriber, will ratify shortly along with Guinea-Bissau. Brazil and East Timor were the biggest supporters of the reform and pressured the CPLP for a fast implementation, but the implementation date has not yet been set. In East Timor, both orthographies are currently being taught to children.
At first, the Agreement established that its entrance into practice would only occur when all the countries of the CPLP had ratified it. But the Portuguese-speaking African countries have not ratified, possibly due to problems in implementing it. In the CPLP’s summit of 26–27 July 2004, an adjustment will prompt implementation in Brazil, Cape Verde, and Portugal, and it will also become usable in the other countries. The agreement will eliminate most first 'c's in 'cc', 'cç' or 'ct'; and 'p's in 'pc', 'pç' or 'pt' from European Portuguese, the dieresis and accent marks in words ending in "éia" in Brazil and add some new spelling rules. And it will allow either orthography for words like anónimo or anônimo, depending on the dialect of the author or person being transcribed. Late in October 2004, Brazil became the first to approve the adjustment (http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/educacao/ult305u16286.shtml) and asked its ambassors in Portugal and Cape Verde to promote the rapid implementation in those countries.
One aim of this reform is to promote the language internationally, just like the spelling reform of Spanish by spanish-speaking countries helped to promote the Spanish language. Because Portuguese has more than one standard orthography, the language is not very popular internationally, even if it is the third-most-spoken western language in the world, after English and Spanish. Even if today's orthographies do not harm intelligibility between native speakers, the orthography of one country is considered incorrect in the other, leading to two different translations of the same book or software written in another language.
Another agreement was made for the new words that will come into the language.
To English speakers, the most famous writer in the Portuguese language is the poet Luís Vaz de Camoes or Luís Vaz Camoens (1524–June 10, 1580), author of the epic poem, the
Lusiad.
Several other authors and poets are also internationally known, such as: Eça de Queirós (1845–1900), one of the most famous Portuguese language novelists; Fernando Pessoa (1888—1935), one of the greatest poets in the history of the language; Jorge Amado (1912—2001), a popular novelist; and José Saramago (born 1922) who was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1998.
See also: Camoens Prize
There is a Portuguese BambooWeb
| translation | phrase | IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Portuguese: | português | PT. /purtu'geʃ/ BR. /portu'gejʃ/ or /purtu'gejʃ/ | |
| hello: | olá | /ɔ'la/ (hear it) | |
| good-bye: | adeus | PT. /ɐ'dewʃ/ BR. /a'dewʃ/ | |
| please: | por favor | PT. /puɾ fɐ'voɾ/ BR. /puɾ fa'vo:/ or /por fa'vor/ | |
| thank you (m); thank you (f): | obrigado; obrigada | /obɾi'gadu/; /obɾi'gadɐ/ | |
| sorry: | desculpe | PT. /dɨʃkuɫ'pɨ/ BR. /diʃkuw'pi/ or /diʃkuɫ'pi/ | |
| that one: | aquele; aquela | PT. /ɐ'kelɨ/; /ɐ'kɛlɐ/ BR. /a'keli/; /a'kɛla/ | |
| how much?: | quanto | /kwã'tu/ | |
| yes: | sim | /'sĩ/ | |
| no: | não | /'nãw̃/ | |
| I don't understand: | não entendo | /nãw̃ ẽtẽ'du/ | |
| where's the bathroom?: | Brazil: Onde fica o banheiro | /õdi fika u baɲɛj'ɾu/ | |
| Portugal, others: Onde fica a casa de banho | /õdɨ fikɐ ɐ kazɐ dɨ ba'ɲu/ | ||
| generic toast: | à vossa! (or saúde) | PT. /'a vosɐ/ BR. /'a vosa/ | |
| Do you speak English?: | Fala inglês? | PT. /falɐ ĩ'gleʃ/ BR. /fala ĩ'glejʃ/ |
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